Following recent negative fossil fuel advertising, crude oil and natural gas have been beneficial to the growth of our modern world. This has helped people have a life after dark, to transport goods around the world and allow technology to move forward. However, the use of fossil fuels has also been reflected in many negative consequences: it has created severe pollution, political conflicts, economic control and the complete dependence of countries that do not have this natural resource.
The supply of fossil fuels is limited, and it is found only in certain areas of the world. The demand for fossil fuels creates conflicts that threaten peace. Countries with adequate supplies of fossil fuels can potentially threaten the security and economies of countries that depend on these countries. In addition, many assessments have been made regarding the amount of fossil fuels left in the world. These estimates depend on population growth and on how much actual fossil fuel consumption will increase in the near future. These estimates state that about 35 years is enough for oil, 37 years for natural gas and 107 years for coal. [1]In addition to the negative environmental consequences of using these types of fuels, there is a limited supply of fossil fuels that will force you to use another form of energy. This limited supply and high demand will cause an inevitable price increase. Therefore, the end of inexpensive oil is fast approaching.
Using fossil fuels to meet global energy needs causes harmful side effects to people, plants and animals. Waste from these fuels heats the earth’s atmosphere and pollutes the air, water and earth. This leads to a decrease in living conditions for all types of land. In addition to the dangers to our ecosystem and the health of many species, pollution also changes the atmosphere of the world. This trend is called global warming and will continue to deteriorate due to the increasing burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity due to the growing world population. In the process of burning gasoline, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere. Catalytic converters reduce much of the pollution, but they are not perfect. Many cities currently have dangerous levels of ozone in the air. The world needs an energy source with low pollutant emissions, is energy efficient and has an unlimited supply of fuel for a growing world population.
Many technologies of alternative energy sources have been studied and developed. These include solar energy, wind, bioenergy, geothermal energy, and many others. Solar panels use the sun to generate electricity, wind energy is derived from the kinetic energy of the wind, bioenergy is extracted from plants, and geothermal energy is the energy of the Earth. Each of these alternative energy sources has its advantages and disadvantages, and all of them are at different stages of development.
For most countries of the world, if the supply of fossil fuels were cut off, the entire economy would have stopped. There would be no way to get people to work at work or use electricity in their homes or workplaces. The global population consumes petroleum products at a rate 100,000 times faster than the rate they form. Currently, the United States imports 70% of its oil, and it is still growing. About 80% of the world's total energy comes from sources of fossil energy. [2], International Energy Agency [3] estimates that by 2030, it is expected that the main global demand for energy will grow by about 45%. The cost of meeting this energy demand is estimated at $ 20 trillion. [2, 3]Therefore, since in the coming years it is necessary to spend so much money on investments in energy infrastructure, this will provide an opportunity to replace the infrastructure of fossil fuels with renewable energy infrastructure. American coal and fossil fuel plants are already quite old, since at least half of the plants were built before 1970. If the oldest plants first retire, it may be difficult to transfer alternative energy production without going to the plant prematurely.
While demand for oil is growing, world oil production peaked in 2005 [1]In 2006, countries that had a significant share of their renewable energy capacity were Canada (16%), followed by France (6%), Italy (6.5%), Germany (5.6%) and the United Kingdom (1.7%), [8]The global community has reached a point at which future energy needs must be balanced with future economic and environmental needs. Currently, we have a real opportunity to transform how our economy uses energy, prevents further pollution, and we can help ensure a safer and more secure future.
About global warming
For all of you, geysers with warming, keep reading!
Everyone knows that the definition of global warming is a significant increase in Earth’s temperature over a short period of time due to the result of human activity. A temperature increase of 0.4 ° Celsius is significant over the century, and an increase of 1 ° Celsius is considered global warming. Although 1 ° or 2 ° Celsius may not seem very large, small changes in temperature can have significant consequences. When you hear the term "ice age", you are probably thinking of a world covered in snow and ice. Ice ages occur every 50,000–100,000 years, and the average global temperature is only 5 ° C lower than at present. [4, 5, 6],
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a group of more than 2500 scientists from countries around the world who gathered in 2007 to promote climate research. One of the conclusions of this meeting was that the last 15 years have been the warmest since 1850. Some of their observations were that glaciers and snow decreased in the northern and southern hemispheres, and average arctic temperatures doubled compared with global temperatures in the last 100 years. Rain has increased in North and South America, Northern Europe and parts of Asia, South Africa and the Mediterranean. Overall, hot days around the world have become more frequent, and cold days have become less frequent and more severe. [4 - 7],
Natural climate changes, such as heat due to volcanic activity, solar radiation and changes in atmospheric chemistry, sometimes take thousands of years to change to only 1 ° C. The current concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) measured from ice cores (180 to 300 ppm ) much more than the natural range found over the last 650,000 years. If the CO2 concentration increases to 400-440 ppm and continues there, then a possible temperature increase will be around 2.4-2.8 ° C. [4-7],
To stabilize the level of CO2, it must reach a maximum and then decrease. The faster this happens, the lower the level of stabilization of the peak. According to the IPCC, to stabilize CO2 equivalent concentrations in the range from 445 to 490 ppm, CO2 emissions should have reached a maximum by 2015 (no later than), and then fall to 50 - 85% below the 2000 level by 2050. Later peak and higher concentrations will lead to a greater temperature increase.
Future
There are many ways to create a “bright future” using renewable energy sources. There is no single answer for our future energy system. The future energy economy will consist of many renewable energy technologies used in combination - wind, solar, geothermal, and fuel cells. The technology to achieve this goal is either available or already under development. Some of the tasks that we need to perform include:
Building an Industry Based on Alternative Energy Technologies
Reduced energy costs
Climate change reduction
Enhance energy security
Help create the conditions for long-term prosperity
To complete these tasks, we need:
Use a combination of wind power (both on and on shore)
Use both concentrating and standard PV power systems.
Use geothermal systems
Use fuel cell systems that generate hydrogen using electrolysis
Use biomass and municipal waste
To successfully create a society based on renewable energy sources, there must be a way to store energy, because renewable energy sources (solar and wind energy) are intermittent. Solar energy and wind energy are excellent methods for obtaining energy from natural resources, but levels of sunlight and wind intensity vary. When these sources are unavailable - electricity cannot be generated. When a large amount of energy is formed, hydrogen can be formed from water. Hydrogen can then be stored for later use.
As for fuel, hydrogen is one of the most powerful fuels. Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe; however, it does not exist purely on earth. Therefore, it must be extracted from conventional fuels or water. The process that is most commonly used to extract hydrogen is steam reforming of natural gas. It can also be mined from coal, nuclear energy, biofuels, or even waste. Hydrogen can also be produced using water in the electrolysis process. Electrolysis separates water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. Renewable forms of energy, such as photovoltaic cells, wind, hydrothermal and geothermal, are increasingly used to produce electricity, and excess electricity can be used for the electrolysis process. Hydrogen can be used or stored to generate electricity at a later time.
Electricity for residential and commercial use
Electricity for residential and business use can be generated using a combination of wind, solar and hydrogen fuel cells. Intermediate solutions and cooperation between corporations, utility companies and individuals will also be necessary for a successful transition to a renewable, hydrogen and energy efficient economy. Corporations will have to produce energy-efficient electronics and household appliances that minimize energy consumption and automatically turn off when not in use. Utilities and governments should create incentives for people to consume less energy, and people should know better the amount of energy they use. There is considerable evidence that the growth in demand for electricity can be reduced through the use of instruments and devices that are more energy efficient, implement building codes and regulations, financial incentives and help people voluntarily abandon the use of energy.
Recently, the US Department of Energy conducted a study that examined wind energy conditions, and it was determined that the implementation of 600 GW by 2020 is possible. If this actually happened, it is estimated that 50% of the United States predicted energy use in 2030. Somewhere else), and it does not interfere.
Solar photovoltaics (PV) is a technology that can be used immediately, and sales have greatly increased over the last decade. However, it still has a small market share due to the high costs of solar panels. The concentration of solar energy can be adopted faster than conventional solar technology, because costs begin to compete with traditional energy technologies. Concentrating solar energy systems allow power plants to produce electricity from the sun on a larger scale, which, in turn, allows consumers to use solar energy without investing in personal solar technology systems. Geothermal energy can also provide a significant amount of energy if it can be proven in the next few years.
Fuel cells have been used for decades in business and residential applications. Stationary fuel cells can produce enough electricity and heat to power an entire home or business, which can lead to significant savings - and they can also provide enough power to sell some of them back to the grid. Fuel cells can also help provide electricity, working with large power plants to become more decentralized and increase efficiency. Most of the electricity produced by large fossil fuel power plants is distributed over high-voltage transmission wires over long distances. These power plants seem very efficient due to their large size; however, energy losses of 7 to 8 percent in Europe and 10 percent energy loss in the United States occur during transmission over long distances. One of the main problems with these transmission lines is that they do not work properly all the time. It would be safer for the population if the production of electricity did not occur in several large factories, but is generated where energy is required. Fuel cells can be used wherever energy is required, without the use of large transmission lines.
Fuel cells can manage homes and businesses where there is no electricity. Sometimes it can be extremely expensive for a house that is not on the grid to connect the grid to it. Fuel cells are also more reliable than other commercial generators used to power homes and businesses. This can benefit many companies, given how much money they can lose if the power goes down for a short time.
In the future energy economy, individual households will be able to produce their own energy. This will help redistribute power from global oil companies and governments to the people. Individual households may share their energy with the grid to help distribute energy in areas that may have less because of weather conditions.
Personal vehicles
Energy Information Administration [2] states that vehicles use 70% of the liquid fuel consumed by the United States. The average fuel efficiency of current cars is about 22 miles per gallon. However, it should not be unrealistic for average fuel efficiency to increase to about 45 miles per gallon by 2030. Hybrid, electric and fuel cells will provide either lower fuel consumption or no consumption, and each of them can be useful in turning into hydrogen and an economy based on renewable energy sources. All major automakers have already invested heavily in vehicles with hydrogen fuel cells.
Many factors contribute to fuel cell shocks in the automotive market. The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and because of this the inevitable price increase will occur. In addition, legislation is becoming stringent in relation to the control of emissions to the environment. One of the new legislation that will help introduce the automotive fuel cell market in the United States is the mandate of a California zero-emission vehicle (ZEV), which requires California to sell a certain number of cars annually. Fuel cell vehicles can also be more economical than vehicles powered by other fuels. This power technology allows you to use the new power range in small two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, boats, scooters, unmanned aerial vehicles and other trucks.
In the future, cars will be plugged into homes and offices to help generate electricity for both vehicles and homes. The whole house requires only 10 kW. And since cars can generate 40 kW of power, a car can become a power station for a home or office. Cars can also be connected to the pole when people come to work to control the building. Этот переход к водородной экономике является важной задачей и прекрасной возможностью XXI века.
Портативная энергия
Портативная электроника, такая как ноутбуки, камеры и сотовые телефоны, может длиться в 10-20 раз дольше, используя водород. В ближайшие годы портативные устройства, такие как ноутбуки, сотовые телефоны, видеомагнитофоны и другие, потребуют большей мощности в течение более длительных периодов времени. Топливные элементы очень масштабируемы и имеют легкую зарядку по сравнению с батареями. Технология сотовых телефонов быстро развивается, но ограничивающим фактором для новой технологии является мощность. Требуется больше энергии, чтобы предоставить потребителям все функции в требуемых и требуемых устройствах. У военных также есть потребность в долговременной переносной мощности для нового солдата. Кроме того, топливные элементы работают бесшумно и имеют слабые сигнатуры тепла, которые являются явными преимуществами для военных.
Создание рабочих мест в новой отрасли возобновляемой энергетики
Строительство альтернативной энергетики легко создаст миллионы рабочих мест в течение следующих 10 лет. Эти рабочие места будут включать строительство и эксплуатацию новых электростанций, производство возобновляемых источников энергии (таких как солнечная энергия и энергия ветра), НИОКР для новых технологий использования возобновляемых источников энергии и рабочие места, созданные за счет средств, потраченных на эти технологии.
Чтобы трансформировать нашу нефтяную экономику, нам необходимо инвестировать в ее изменение. Нам нужно убедиться, что мы планируем, как управлять нашим миром в течение следующих 20 лет и далее.
[1] Shahriar, S. и Topal, E. (2009). Когда будут ликвидированы запасы ископаемого топлива? Энергетическая политика, 37: 181-189.
[2] Управление энергетической информацией. (2008). International Energy Outlook 2008, Вашингтон, округ Колумбия, ноябрь 2008 г. (№ DOE / EIA-0484 (2008)). Получено 25 января 2009 г. с http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html
[3] Международное энергетическое агентство, Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития. (2008). World Energy Outlook 2008. Получено с [http://www.sourceoecd.com/]
[4] Hegerl, GC, FW Zwiers, P. Braconnot, NP Gillett, Y. Luo, JA Marengo Orsini, N. Nicholls, JE Penner и PA Stott, 2007: Понимание и атрибуция изменения климата. В: Изменение климата 2007: Основы физической науки. Вклад Рабочей группы I в четвертый оценочный доклад Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, KB Averyt, M. Tignor and HL Miller (eds. .]], Cambridge University Press, Кембридж, Великобритания и Нью-Йорк, США, США.
[5] Бейтс, BC, ZW Kundzewicz, S. Wu и JP Palutikof, Eds., 2008: Изменение климата и вода. Технический документ Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата, Секретариат МГЭИК, Женева, 210 стр. Получено 8 февраля 2009 г. с http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/technical-papers/climate-change-water-en.pdf
[6] Le Treut, H., Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson и M. Prather, 2007: Исторический обзор изменения климата. В: Изменение климата 2007: Основы физической науки. Вклад Рабочей группы I в четвертый оценочный доклад Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, KB Averyt, M. Tignor and HL Miller (eds. .]], Cambridge University Press, Кембридж, Великобритания и Нью-Йорк, США, США.
[7] IPCC, 2007: резюме для политиков. В: Изменение климата 2007: Основы физической науки. Вклад Рабочей группы I в четвертый оценочный доклад Межправительственной группы экспертов по изменению климата[SolomonSDQinMManning[SolomonSDQinMManning[SolomonSDQinMManning[SolomonSDQinMManning
[8] Садорский П. (2009). Потребление возобновляемых источников энергии, выбросы CO2 и цены на нефть в странах G7, экономика энергетики, doi: 10.1016 / j.eneco.2008.12.010.
