
Science and technology
The Aztecs were sufficiently advanced and powerful, which could be compared with ancient Rome in terms of its technological excellence. The Aztecs were not as sophisticated as their contemporaries in all areas of science and technology, but they were very advanced in those areas that they needed, and coped well with what they had little, and what obstacles they faced. The Aztecs used many different technologies and their current knowledge of many sciences to try and regulate and improve their daily lives.
The Aztecs used a combination of astronomy, canal construction and advanced agricultural science to plant the right plants at the right time to feed their empire. Astronomy was used to create calendars that would determine the best time to start planting and collecting every food. The construction and irrigation of the canal allowed the Aztecs to feed their plants with rich mineral soil by building island farms in the middle of rivers and canals, the farm of this variety was Chinampa. The construction of farms in the middle of the rivers allowed the Aztecs to quickly deliver goods to the nearest market. The Aztecs also built farms on the slopes, building terraces from the soil, which also served to limit soil erosion. Because of the high demand for food that was implemented in the Aztec empire, slash and burning were also common farming methods, and this also led to an ever-increasing demand for land.
The social progress of the Aztecs was largely based on mathematics in order to determine the best date to do certain things, building buildings, canals, roads, taxes and even religious events. The Aztecs created 3 calendars, each of which had a meaning in a different area of life; ritual calendar, annual and long calendar. Despite the fact that the ritual calendar was devoted to religion, all calendars had a certain religious value, since the Aztec society associated everything with religion.
Such sophisticated ones as the Aztecs are devoid of some technologies that were available elsewhere and therefore had their own unique answer to the problems. The most shocking in Aztec technology is the lack of use of wheeled and packing animals to compensate for Aztec good roads, professional runners, many rest stops, located every 6-10 miles, river routes, many dams and safe road tolls. Another unusual technological feature of this civilization was that metallurgy did not go far beyond copper, gold, silver, gold and silver. To compensate for their limited knowledge in the field of metallurgy, they used obsidian instead of metal in many tools that required sharpness.
Medical innovations were intense in the Aztec empire, as they often fought in many battles. Medical innovations in the Aztec empire ranged from conversational therapy and medicinal herbs to bone graft surgery. Talk therapy has been widely used to solve psychological problems and is a fairly simple concept that is still used. Because of the abundance of plants and herbs in their area of control, the Aztecs had the opportunity to experiment with their medicinal purposes, which led to the fact that they had many methods of treating many diseases and problems they knew about. To avoid any need for such treatment, the Aztecs practiced good sanitation techniques, such as brushing the teeth with fibrous roots and using mouthwashing with mild abrasives, such as ash, this was complemented by cleansing rituals. The surgery in the Aztec empire was rudimentary, but it still fulfilled some of its goals, such as setting bones through wooden nails.
In general, without the science and technology that the Aztecs had, they would not have been as successful as many different technologies, and their sophisticated knowledge of many sciences was a key necessity in their efforts to streamline and improve their daily lives. They beat all the obstacles they face, with the exception of a fatal misinterpretation combined with a threat that possesses both modern weapons and unheard of diseases.
Music, art and literature
Music
Music played most of the life of the Aztecs, because it gave Aztec people pleasure, conveying history and culture, and also created a spiritual connection with life. Music was a subject of teaching in Aztec schools, and students were collecting instruments as early as 12 years old. The music was also visible as a way to demonstrate their wealth, so they often had their own band or musicians to play for them at home.
Most of the music was sacred chants that were supposed to respect the dead rulers and gods. The sacred hymns were scholastic because they conveyed historical knowledge of past rulers and cultural knowledge of gods to future generations. Sacred hymns were usually performed only on special occasions to honor dead rulers or gods. Kantares was another genre of music, and they looked like sacred hymns because they honored the dead and their noble deeds. Kantares was also called ghost songs and performed in rituals or during the battle. Aztec also played happier songs that were not about the dead in their daily lives, such as songs about energy, love and excitement.
Aztec used many instruments in his music. For the Aztecs, percussion became the main part of their music. Drums made from tortoise shells, logs or leather, played with hands or hammers. Most often, the drums were the only instrument in Aztec music, especially in Kantara, to bring the fighters into battle. Other forms of percussion used by the Aztec include rattles, filled with pebbles and shaken. For the melody there were very few instruments that the Aztecs had. Much of the Aztec melody comes from the flute or huilacapitztli, and they are still popular in Central Mexico today. Horns and trumpets were rare, but were still present in Aztec music.
art
The Aztecs valued art, and this was manifested in almost all aspects of their civilization. Most of the Aztec population were artisans who felt that they were blessed by gods and tried to express their thoughts wherever they were. The result was remarkable ceramics, masks, and architectural art found through the Aztec Empire.
Most of the Aztec art depicted the dead rulers, gods or nature. There was a lot of spiritual art in the Aztec Empire, and they can be seen primarily in architecture. The Aztec masons built large monuments, temples and palaces dedicated to gods covered with inscriptions or symbolic images of dead rulers or gods. Natural themes were indicated on animals and insects. However, no longer animals and insects represented the gods or the dead, and not the animal itself.
Along large monuments, temples and palaces, art created by artisans was often traded in the market. Ceremonial knives, hats, jewelery, colorful clothes are just some examples of the various art forms found in the Aztec Empire. Art was also worn in the form of jewelry, clothes and hats, and the upper class showed its strength by changing the appearance daily. The legend says that the emperor never wore the same clothes twice. The upper class also contained the family treasures of their jewelry. Art has also been found on masks, shields, ceramics and almost everywhere in the Aztec world. Artists paint on the walls and cut out on pillows to record what they saw or felt. Fine copies of people or animals were surprisingly realistic. Compared with European art at that time, the art of the Aztecs was more realistic.
Literature
Aztec spoke to Nahuatl, and they wrote most of their literature on agave paper, which was made from agave fiber. These sheets were folded in half, and literature was written on them. Most of the Aztec literature was sacred and discussed topics to predict the future for rituals. There were also books dedicated to the calendar, and when the victims were to occur. The most important book from the Aztec Empire is called the Dresden Codex, and it was a combination of astronomy and medicine. Nahuatl vultures were also widely found in architecture, because today not many of the agaves remain.
Economy
The Aztec economy was the largest and one of the most advanced in the world by the beginning of the 16th century. The large size of the Aztec economy was due to a law that prohibited the sale of products anywhere except in the designated market. This law was enforced by the notice that he would be subject to the wrath of the market god if they were trading anywhere else. Thus, by the beginning of the 16th century, the Tlatelolco market was the largest in the world, it traded up to 60,000 people and almost as many in other large cities, such as Teotihuacan. Since commerce was such a significant part of the Aztec way of life, the empire relied on it for a variety of political reasons. Trade played a major role in creating a system of networks that the Aztec used to receive payments from the regions, as well as supply the regions with agricultural and military goods. Trade was also an alternative to the war, which the Maya predecessors glorified, because trade allowed the Aztec to spread its political and dynastic influence through Mexico.
In the Aztec Empire, political and commercial systems, there are two general economic systems. The political system was similar to the feudal system found in most empires around the world. In contrast to the rigid feudal system, the Aztec political system was somewhat different. There were numerous figures of kings or tlatoani who govern cities. Tlatoani expected the tribute to be paid from their lords or tecuhtli. Lords were administrators, judges, or high-ranking warriors. Tehutli imposed a certain region and asked to pay tribute. They will either come directly from slaves belonging to tecuhtli, or from the calpulli region. Chalpulli was a community leader, and his role was to ensure the gathering of tributaries to commoners. Although there is some flexibility when you look at the Aztec empire as a whole, the system is quite tough and only contributes to cash flow for those in power.
Since the political system was not a large economic system, there was a second system promoting the development of trade and economic activity - the commercial system. Despite the fact that the commercial system was pursued, tribute or taxes still had to be paid to merchants, artisans or soldiers who bargain. In fact, 80% of the Aztec population corresponded to merchants and artisans, and only 20% of the population were farmers. The strength of the merchant class was so strong that it was predicted to overtake the tecuhtli class for several decades after 1500. The market square was controlled by pochtecatlatoque or senior merchants who are designated tecuhtli for market surveillance. Their role was to organize the market as a modern supermarket, so products that fall into the same category can be found together. In addition, they also installed merchants in a grid format, so it was easy to navigate the market. Since about 60,000 people a day would be available on these trading floors, the organization was a key responsibility for pochtecatlatoque. Pochtecatlatoque was also responsible for compliance with the law, for example, ensuring the fairness of all transactions with both the seller and the buyer. The main fraud that has repeatedly occurred in the markets of Aztec companies is the sale of fake cocoa beans. Merchants accused of trying to fake cocoa beans made from wax and amaranth dough were shot on raised platforms in the middle of the market. Pochkatlatok were also collectors tribute from traders.
The commercial system allowed a significant portion of the population to trade, which contributed to economic activity in the Aztec Empire. Markets also allowed trading in products that come from all regions of the Aztec Empire. For example, you can usually find beans, vegetables, herbs, fruits, turkeys, deer, ducks and other forms of food, as well as a wide selection of pots, plates, jewelry, stones, military equipment and much more. Markets were also a place to sell slaves. Male slaves often bought traders to help transport goods or sell them to cocoa or other vegetable plantations for work. Female slaves were often bought as prostitutes. Slaves were also bought by tecuhtli or wealthy merchants as a sacrifice for their gods. The existence of a commercial system allowed less wealthy commoners and merchants the opportunity to sell products to rich and consumer teccuhti, who liked to buy jaguar skins, jade masks, and obsidian sacrificial knives.
The main trading system of the Aztecs allowed the empire to act as an inflowing empire. The Aztec Empire was not a tightly controlled empire, because the city states generally had control over themselves. However, with the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlakopan, their combined military might led most of central Mexico to conquer. Then the conquered territories or states had to pay tribute or tax to the Triple Alliance. The tribute will be collected by many people, from senior merchants to chiefs, but the tribute was collected, perhaps because of the lack of control over the city states. The lack of control allowed the commercial system, which supplemented the collection of tributes, because there was so much economic activity that the commoner could pay tribute and still have enough cocoa beans or exotic feathers for life. In addition, the commercial system created a network of trade routes that were used by the Aztec Empire to send soldiers, equipment or supplies to certain areas where it was needed.
The main trade route was called the Teotihuacan corridor, which connected the city with the regions where raw materials were produced. When raw materials entered the city, artists and other artisans produced products, and then sent them to the main shopping center in Tlatelolco. The Teotihuacan corridor was an important route because it allowed Aztec officials to control the movement of raw materials. Although trade in Europe was rather stagnant due to the short life of agricultural products, the Aztecs sell intolerable goods such as cotton, jewelry, hides, and various types of ceramics. Aztec expanded trade routes in all directions and created trading platforms in Mexico with warehouses for temporary storage of goods. Aztec land trade logistics has improved significantly compared with their global counterparts.
The Aztec also traded on water, but this was usually limited to fresh rivers and tributaries. Aztec canoeing for all their water travel, even on the seas, when they built large canoes. Transporting canoes was an important aspect of the Aztec economy because of how the Aztec chinampas used to grow their crops were in shallow lakes. Therefore, canoe facilitated the loading and transportation of agricultural products. Since then, since the main trade hubs were located near rivers, canoes were a quick and efficient way to move any goods in the Aztec Empire. Maritime trade has developed in an insignificant form from trading posts established on the Tukatan peninsula and in Belize, and, according to historical data, contact with the tribes in Ecuador. However, the lack of the best technology limited the Aztec to short distances by sea.
The entire economy of the Aztec empire was for the most part a barter system, but some products played such an important part of people's lives that they began to be used as a form of currency. The Aztec did not have weights or weights, so the barter system worked by size, not weight. However, the most prominent currency was cocoa bean, and it was so often used as a currency that some traders even tried to make fake cocoa beans. Cocoa-bean was used as currency because of the Aztec legend that he gave them to God, but the more practical reason was the popularity of cocoa as food. Aztec made liquid frothy chocolate drinks flavored with spices and corn. Like the federal reserve owned by the Bank of Canada, there were rooms filled with dry cocoa beans in the royal warehouses. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π·Π²ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
law
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ. Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ «ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ», ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ . Π£ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ: Π±Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ; ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΆ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ» Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ. Π‘Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ, Π° ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ; ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ! ΠΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°.
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π². Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π³Π»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π» Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ; Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ (ΠΌΡΡ) Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅, ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π» ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°. Π Π°Π± ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π± ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π» ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΡ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²; ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π². ΠΡΠΌΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ, ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ; ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ Π² Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ΅. Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π·Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ².
military
ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. Π£ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅. ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΡΡ . Π‘ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ . ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π² ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ . ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Π΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ-ΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ² Ρ ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ. Π£ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠΈ. Π―Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅.
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ: ΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π·Π²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π·Π²ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. Π―ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ³. ΠΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ , ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π±Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ. ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π°-ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ². Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ . Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ Π’Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°Π½. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±Ρ.
Π ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² 1502 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π’Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°Π½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»Π° Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΡ ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Ρ Π² Π±ΠΎΡΡ . ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π²Π΅; ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ.
Π Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡ. ΠΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ. Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° Π² Ρ Π°ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ» Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ - ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ 365-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈ 260-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ 52-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊ, ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΄. 365-Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ.
Π‘Π°ΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Ρ. Π ΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄. Π‘Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ «Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ», ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ Π²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π² ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅; ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½.
Tezcatlipoca (ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ) - Π±ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π΅Π±Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π° Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅Π±Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ, Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π±Π°, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅, Quetzelcoatl - ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅Π±Π΅ΡΠ°) ΠΈ Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ). ΠΠ½ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ ΡΠΎΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Ρ Π½Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.
Π’Π»Π°Π»ΠΎΠΊ (Π’ΠΎΡ, ΠΡΠΎ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊ) Π±ΡΠ» Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ , ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π’Π»Π°Π»ΠΎΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° Jade Skirt, Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡ.
Chalchiuhtlicue (ΡΠ±ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°) Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π΅Π².
ΠΡΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅) Π½Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² Π±ΠΎΡ. Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅, Π±ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°Π³Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°Π³Π°Ρ , Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ «Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ». ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° «ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ», ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°. Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ.

