
Content
Profitable opportunity
- Is your multi-unit property a candidate for utility billing?
- Will billing utility really improve my cash flow?
- What are the additional benefits of utility billing?
- Will the utility of billing increase my property value?
- What is the difference between swap, RUB and fixed rate?
- What are the relevant rules and regulations?
- Will billing for utilities affect my job share?
- What am I doing?
- Can I install a swap system? Do i need
- How to sell utilities to residents
- Accuracy and timeliness of billing are crucial.
- Resident support
- Improving free cost recovery
- Management and exchange of billing data
- Using Billing Service Providers
- Bonus: analysis of statistical data applied to the payment of utility bills
Over the past couple of years, many apartment owners have been cooking in a virtual financial oven. The high unemployment rate has led to an increase in apartment vacancies, downward pressure on rental income, a multitude of fakes and a decrease in the value of the property. 2010 does not seem to be improving. National vacancy rates, according to the requirements of Multifamily Executive Magazine, show that the share of national vacancies will be 8%, and income per unit will fall from $ 928 (fourth quarter of 2008) to $ 829, or $ 99 for one year.
Although not the brightest prospects, some owners of apartment buildings have the opportunity to instantly increase cash flow with little or no upfront investment and without any additional vacancies. If this sounds like the sound of a crazy person, it is not. Apartment owners who currently pay for water, gas, or electrical expenses in their property can use a significant revenue stream, especially if these complexes are located in states such as Colorado.
Profitable opportunity
For discussion, suppose you have 100 units of the complex, and you pay all the costs of water and gas. Estimate that your average water meter is $ 3,000 per month and your average gas bill is $ 6,000. If you transfer these costs to tenants by implementing a resident billing program, you can recoup approximately $ 108,000 per year. Your net operating income (NOI) increases by $ 540,000 in five years! If you plan to sell your residential complex in the future, the switch to utility costs for residents can be compensated for taking into account the increase in capitalization or "marginal" rates and the cost of property. Here's how:
The option ratio is defined as the ratio of net operating income to an asset and its capital costs. Simple formula: Cap Rate = Annual NOI / Apartment Asset Value.
Suppose your complex has the following characteristics (before billing for utilities):
- The value of apartment assets = 4,000,000 US dollars
- Annual NOI (old) = $ 280,000
- Cap Rate = Annual value of NOI / apartment assets = 280,000 USD / 4,000,000 USD
- = 0.7 or 7%
Now let's see how the speed limit affects after you have initiated the utility billing program:
- The value of apartment assets = 4,000,000 US dollars
- Annual NOI (new) = $ 280,000 + $ 108,000 = $ 388,000
- Cap Rate = annual cost of assets NOI / apartment
- = $ 388,000 / $ 4,000,000
- = 0.97 or 9.7%
This is an increase in speed of 39%! These are exciting and achievable numbers!
If you are intrigued, read the βsecretsβ you need to know, which will save you a lot of frustration, time and effort. This report presents 15 themes and a bonus idea that will help maximize the profitability and effectiveness of your utility billing program.
1. Is your multi-apartment property a candidate for utility billing?
If your property is βprimaryβ for any of the utilities β water, gas, or electricity β and you are currently paying these costs, you are probably a candidate for utility bills or a utility billing program. The utility allows you to effectively transfer utility costs for tenants. (Note: in sets with master meters there is data on the use of utility fixtures for several apartments.)
The second test is to find out if the use of billing is allowed in the city, county and state where your property is located. The Public Service Commission is the first place to start. If billing is allowed and your property is essential, we recommend that you start.
2. Will the billing utility really improve my cash flow?
The billing utility will completely improve cash flow and do it right away. To determine if this will increase your savings, check out the master counter accounts for the past twelve months. Suppose that the total bill for water and gas is $ 7,000 per month.
Estimate the amount you can allocate for general utility expenses, such as leasing an office and hall heating, coin-operated gas dryers, landscape irrigation, or a swimming pool. Set the total area deduction (CAD) amount to 15%. In some states you need to deduct a reasonable CAD from the amount you pay to the tenants. However, in other states it is allowed to charge back the entire utility bill, including the part allocated to general areas.
Here is what you can expect from a cash flow perspective:
- Monthly utility bill = $ 7,000
- Deduction of the total area (CAD) = 7,000 USD .15 = 1,050 USD
- Positive monthly cash flow effect = $ 7,000 - $ 1,050 = $ 5,950
This corresponds to an annual increase in cash flow of $ 71,400. It is convincing!
3. What are the added benefits of paying bills for services?
Billing utility usually changes your cost structure for the better. Tenants receive financial responsibility for the gas, water and electricity that they use, and before introducing them, use the resources more wisely. In fact, when mixing is used to measure individual consumption and billing residents, there is usually a reduction of as much as 35%. It will be difficult for you to find another investment that will reduce the consumption of utilities to such an extent.
Billing also isolates owners from the rapidly rising utility prices. If you pay for utilities and accumulate prices, you are stuck in a bag, unable to increase the rent to cover higher costs. Tenant billing effectively separates utility costs from the rental structure, making your property more attractive and competitively priced. It has been shown that, although it is not as important as savings on savings created by swapping, even the utility ratio of the billing system (RUBS) reduces consumption by as much as 5%.
4. Will the cost of my service increase?
Billing for water, sewage, electricity or gas increases the multi-apartment properties of real estate by improving cash flow and NOI. If you consider the example at the beginning of this report, moving the costs for water and gas previously paid by the owner, the tenants are allowed to increase the rate by 2.7 times (7.0 to 9.7). This accounts for 38% of the elevator. If the owner subordinates his property to start a billing program, the investment of this equipment will significantly increase the value of the property.
5. What are the differences between the swap method, the RUBS and the fixed rate?
If you decide that utility billing may be a practical pursuit for your apartment community, hereβs a basic explanation of the various options. Some of the methods for calculating utility bills include:
- Submetering
- Total Payment System (RUBS)
- Rent.
> Submetering
The selection includes the installation of a water, electricity, gas or heat meter in each tenantβs facility, which will directly measure utility consumption. The meter readings and monthly utility rates are used to calculate tenant bills.
Submetering is the most fair way of invoicing tenants, because they only pay for what they use and they are rewarded financially when they save. Submetrization is not free and requires the initial investment of the owner. Sweeping systems vary in price from $ 150 to $ 400 per unit depending on the utility used. If you manage a tax credit, affordable residential property, a swap is required to pay tenants for utilities.
> Ratio billing accounting system (RUBS)
The RUBS system or βutility payment systemβ, although not so fair, is very popular because it does not require capital expenditures. The costs of utilities can be calculated on the basis of utility bills, apartment placement, apartment size, number of beds, or some combination of factors.
Many apartments have a piping configuration that does not support the installation of separate water meters. Some of them use central heating systems - for example, the emission of the main board, fan coils, furnaces, which do not allow the installation of separate gas meters. In these cases, an excellent alternative is billing in rubles.
> Flat rate
When billing at a fixed rate, you decide on a fixed amount to the landlord for electricity, water, gas, garbage, the Internet, cable, etc. Owners may charge various fees to tenants who have more residents or larger apartments, but the number is known expected. Fixed-rate payments rarely encourage retention, but allow owners to recover some of their utility costs. This is a simple process to begin with, but it can cost you money if you do not accurately estimate your annual utility costs.
6. What are the relevant rules and regulations?
The rules and regulations governing utility billing and mixing vary by city, county and state where your apartment complex is located. These rules are subject to change and periodically.
To cite a few examples, in the city of San Diego, the city council is reviewing a regulation requiring new multi-family housing complexes with three or more units to install water sweepers. In addition, the existing substations will be replaced by existing residential complexes replacing their water systems.
The state of Georgia became the first state to require multi-unit, commercial and industrial buildings, which are allowed after July 1, 2010. In addition, the state strongly encourages existing multi-family residences to follow suit and introduce footnotes.
When implementing a utility billing program, the owner, property manager, or billing provider is typically used to include a service charge for calculating, printing, sending out, and collecting utility bills. In Texas, this fee must be paid by the property owner. If, however, the property is suspended for water, the billing charge may be transferred to the tenant.
In the state of Colorado, apartment block owners can βbillβ the entire utility bill, including general utility bills. This is acceptable if, of course, you do not manage the property of a tax credit, and RURS is not allowed at all.
You can see from these examples that the rules for billing and paging utilities vary widely and require some kind of research to know what is and is not allowed. In almost every case, you will need to adjust your rent to allow utility billing.
7. Will utility billing affect my vacancy rates?
Will the redistribution of owners paid to utilities and utilities increase the vacancy rate? Definitely. May be. The truth is that some tenants may leave as a result of this change. It is our experience that the impact is very minimal and rarely causes residents to leave ... until they are informed about the upcoming changes.
In the best cases, you run a utility cost recovery program, no one leaves, and your net operating income grows. Let's see what happens in βnot the best cases.β
Your apartment complex has 100 units, and the average rent is $ 680. As a result of your new utility billing program, assume that 3% of your tenants (a very large number) will leave and it takes six months to fill these vacancies. Lost rental income:
- Tenants released = 100 3% = 3
- Lost rental income = 3 x $ 680 x 6 months = $ 12,240
Now compare the lost rental income with the profit from your reimbursement for utility costs. Assume:
- Monthly restoration of service cost = 3,000 USD
- Increase in revenue = 3,000 x 6 months = 18,000 USD
- Lost rental income = $ 12,240
- Net income impact (with 3% vacancy) = $ 18,000 - $ 12,240 = $ 5,760
For this analysis, the percentage of tenants who leave is a βhighβ estimate, and the estimate of cost recovery is βlowβ. These numbers are conservative, not what you expect in most cases. Moreover, new tenants who move will do so with the understanding that they are responsible for their own utilities.
8. What am I doing?
The multi-family industry is very competitive, and testing competitive residential communities in your immediate area is reasonable. Observe if nearby complexes include utilities in their rental structure. If they do, the next question is: should you be a βmaverickβ on the block, and the first should be the score?
In almost all cases, the answer is "yes." Studies show that rental costs and amenities are a more significant factor when a tenant makes a decision about where he / she is going to live compared to utilities included or not.
If competing complexes are paid by tenants for utilities, they already receive the remuneration you want to receive for your property. It will be a little bit to be late for a party, just don't miss it at all.
9. Can I install a swap system? Do i need
Most residential complexes support the installation of a water, gas, heat or power supply system. For example, if each unit in your building has a single water supply line with a separate shut-off valve or no more than one line for hot water and the other for cold, the likelihood that you can perform an outsole. The plumber must install the actual measuring device, but he will capture all the water used in the apartment and can be used for billing tenants.
If, on the other hand, the units in your complex have several pipes that supply water, you will need to install a meter on each line to capture all the water used in the apartment. This is usually prohibitively expensive, since utility bills vary in price from $ 200 to $ 400, and installing several of them in each unit will be very expensive. Several waterways are often hidden behind walls and ceilings, not having easy access. This increases the cost of plumbing. In these cases, the preferred solution is RUBS.
Accelerated Payback
If your property supports mixing, the next question is: βShould the system be installed?β For 100 units of the complex, you can estimate $ 20,000 - $ 40,000 for the system to be implemented and ready for invoicing. The payback period ranges from 12 to 24 months. After this time, the amount of money that you generate as a result of billing for tenants will exceed the value of your investment in submission. This return on investment (ROI) is hard to beat!
> Benefits of conservation
In terms of conservation, there is no better way to reduce the consumption of utilities than on the outsole. Tenants will use utilities more intelligently if they are financially accountable for their consumption. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ 35%, Π° ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ, 15%, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, Π²Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ.
Submetering ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ Π²Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ:
- Π£ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
- ΠΠ΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠΠ
- ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³
- ΠΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.
10. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Β«ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈΒ», ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ, Π²Ρ Π·Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΒ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ²ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π², ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΡΡ.
> Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 45 Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π‘Π¨Π. ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ, $ 23, Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ.
> Π£Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°
Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ Π²Π΅Π±-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ.
> Π’ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° ΠΈ Ρ. Π. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ - Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ - Π΄ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
11. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΠ΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ² - ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ.
> ΠΠΎΠ΄-ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π±Π°Π²ΠΊΠ°
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ (PUC).
ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌ. Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
12. Π Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° (Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²), ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ.
Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π²Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ββΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ.
13. Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π‘Π²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ - ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Β«Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β» ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Ρ. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈ, Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Π·ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ / ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅, Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
14. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ . ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡ:
- ΠΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°
- ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
- ΠΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ββΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ / ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π²Ρ Π·Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈ, ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π³ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° / ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ , Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ.
15. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°
ΠΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΡ Π½Π° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° / ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ:
- ΠΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π²Π΅Π±-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²
- ΠΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½-ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°
- ΠΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
- ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅.
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ / ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈ, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ Π²Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°:
- ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°
- ΠΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°
- ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ , ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘Π²ΡΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ: Π‘ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°. "
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡ: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ , ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³
Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ± ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
ΠΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎ, Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ².

