
Banking fraud poses a threat to the Indian economy. Its striking effect can be understood by the fact that in 2004 the number of cybercrime cases in India was 347, which in 2005 increased to 481, which is 38.5% more, while the number of crimes of the IPC category is 302 in 2005 , including 186 cases of cyber-fraud and 68 cases of cyber-fraud. Thus, it is very important that the occurrence of such fraudulent actions be minimized. More frustrating is the fact that such frauds are also included in the banking sector.
Currently, the global banking system Scenario has acquired new dimensions. Banking spread in India. Today, the banking system has entered competitive markets in areas covering resource mobilization, human resource development, customer service and credit management.
The Indian banking system has several outstanding achievements in its respect, the most striking of which is its coverage. In fact, Indian banks are now spreading to the most remote areas of our country. Indian banking, which worked in a very comfortable and protected environment until the early 1990s, was pulled into the troubled waters of intense competition.
A healthy banking system should have three main characteristics to protect the interests of depositors and the public faith. It is (i) a culture free of fraud, (ii) a time-tested Code of Best Practice, and (iii) a system for immediately resolving complaints in the home. All of these conditions are either missing or extremely weak in India. Section 5 (b) of the Banking Regulation Act of 1949 defines banking ... βBanking is the acceptance for the purposes of lending or investment, deposits of money for purposes of lending or investment, deposits of money from the population to be redeemed to demand or otherwise, and withdrawal is allowed by check, draft, order or otherwise. " But if his money was deceived from the bank, the latter must strictly pay the depositor. Thus, the bank must constantly ensure that depositors' money is not deceived. The time has come when the security aspects of banks should be addressed as a matter of priority.
The banking system in our country is engaged in all segments of our socio-economic activities. The article discusses the growth of bank fraudsters and the various methods that can be used to prevent such fraud. Banking fraud is a deliberate act of omission or commission of any person carried out in banking operations or in accounting books, which leads to the unlawful acquisition of a person on a temporary or other basis with or without monetary losses. This article outlines the relevant provisions of the Indian Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Indian Contracts Act and the Contract Banking Documents Act on Banking Fraud.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA
The banking system occupies an important place in the economy. Banking institution is indicative in modern society. It plays a key role in the economic development of the country and forms the core of the money market in an advanced country.
The banking industry in India has come a long way to accumulate its current growth. It underwent a serious structural transformation after the nationalization of 14 large commercial banks in 1969 and another from 6 to 15 April 1980. The Indian banking system is unique and sometimes has no parallels in the history of banking in any country in the world.
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PURPOSE
The Reserve Bank of India plays an important role in maintaining the exchange value of the rupee, given the close interdependence of international trade and national growth and wealth. This aspect has a broader central bank response to maintaining economic and financial stability. For this, the bank is entrusted with the custody and management of the country's international reserves; he also acts as an agent of the government regarding Indiaβs membership in the international monetary fund. With economic development, the bank also performs many development and promotion functions, which in the past were registered outside the normal terms of reference of the central bank. It is also an important regulator.
BANK FRUES: CONCEPT AND DIMENSIONS
Banks are the engines that drive operations in the financial sector, which is vital for the economy. With the nationalization of banks in 1969, they also became the engines of social change. After independence, the banks went through three stages. They have moved from symbolic-based lending to ideology-based credit to today's competitiveness-based credit in the context of Indiaβs liberalization policy and the process of linking to the global economy.
While bank operations are becoming more significant, bank frauds in banks are also growing, and fraudsters are becoming more sophisticated and inventive. In an effort to keep pace with the times of change, the banking sector has diversified its business. The old class banking philosophy has been replaced by a massive bank transfer. The problem of social responsibility management with economic responsibility has increased.
DEFINITION OF FRAUD
Fraud is defined as "any behavior in which one person intends to gain an unfair advantage over another." In other words, fraud is an act or omission that is intended to cause unlawful benefits to one person and wrongful loss to another, either by hiding facts or otherwise.
Fraud is determined by the u / s 421 of the Indian Penal Code and the u / s 17 of the Indian Contract Act. Thus, the main elements of fraud are:
1. There must be submission and approval;
2. It must relate to the fact;
3. It must be with the knowledge that it is false or does not believe in its truth; and
4. He must recognize that the other must act in relation to this statement or to do or not to perform certain actions.
BANKING PHRASES
Losses incurred by banks as a result of fraud, exceeded losses due to robbery, disaster, burglary and theft - all together. Unauthorized credit lines are extended for illegal distribution, for example, when granting a loan on a loan against the pledge of goods, pledge of goods against bills of exchange or in relation to debt obligations. A common way of working is a pledge of false goods, the inclusion of the cost of goods, the borrowing of goods to more than one bank, fraud with the removal of goods with knowledge and complicity in the negligence of bank employees, the pledge of goods belonging to a third party. The items found in a bank that contain mortgage stocks packed between stocks and the case of a shortage in weight are not unusual.
As a result of the analysis, cases of widespread within the framework of the four main elements responsible for fraud in banks were considered.
1. The active participation of staff - both the manager and the clerk - regardless of external elements or outsiders.
2. The inability of bank employees to comply with carefully laid out instructions and recommendations.
3. External elements perpetuating fraud with banks by means of fakes or manipulations with checks, drafts and other documents.
4. There is a growing conspiracy between entrepreneurs, senior bank officials, government officials and politicians who have the power to cheat with banks, resulting in rules that are bent, rules are violated, and banking standards are thrown to the wind.
PREVENTION AND PHRASE DETECTION
A close examination of any fraud in a bank reveals many common basic functions. Perhaps at some stage there was negligence or dishonesty, with part of one or more bank employees. One of them can negotiate with the borrower. Perhaps the bankβs official cracked down on the borrower's acute practice for personal gain. Proper care that was expected from the staff, since the interests of bank custodians may not be accepted. The bankβs rules and procedures set forth in the guidelines and circulars may not have been followed or may have been significantly ignored.
Bank fraud is the failure of a banker. This does not mean that external frauds do not deceive the banks. But if the banker is upright and knows his job, the task of the fraudster will become extremely difficult, if not possible.
Fraud Detection
After all care and vigilance, there may still be some fraud, although their number, period and intensity can be considered reduced. The following procedure would be very helpful if you take into account:
1. All relevant documents, documents, etc. Must be collected immediately. Original vouchers or other documents that form the basis of the investigation should be kept locked and keyed.
2. All persons in the bank who may be familiar with the time, place the modus operandi of fraud, must be considered and their statements must be registered.
3. The likely order of events must subsequently be restored by the officer in his own mind.
4. It is advisable to inform the central office about fraud and further changes in relation toreto.
Classification of fraud and actions required by banks
In 1992, the Reserve Bank of India established a high-level committee headed by Mr A. Ghosh, then Dee. Reserve Bank of the Governor of India to learn about various aspects of malpractice in banks. The Committee noted / noted the three main reasons for committing fraud, as follows:
1. Weakness in compliance with the established system and procedures by operational and supervisory personnel.
2. Sparkle the trust placed on customers who have consented to a breach of trust.
3. Unscrupulous customers, using the advantages of weakness in complying with established, time-tested guarantees, also committed fraud.
In order to consistently report fraud cases, RBI addressed the issue of classifying banking frauds based on the provisions of the IPC.
Below are the provisions and their corrective measures that can be taken.
1. Cheating (Section 415, IPC)
Corrective measures.
Precautionary measures against fraud can be focused on cross-checking related to identification, authenticity, verification of information, etc. In relation to various tools, as well as persons involved in collection or relating to bank property.
2. Criminal misappropriation of property (Section 403 of the IPC).
Correctional measure
Criminal misappropriation of property involves the placement in custody or control of funds or property that are exposed in the same way as the person who committed such fraud. Preventive measures for this class of fraud should be taken at a level that is usually kept under the tutelage or control of the funds or property of the bank. Such a measure should be sufficient, it applies to those persons who are actually engaged in or have the actual custody or control over the fund or movable properties of the bank.
3. Criminal violation of trust (Section 405, IPC)
Correctional measure
Care should be taken from the first step when a person comes to the bank. Care must be taken while in the bank.
4. Counterfeiting (Section 463, IPC)
Correctional measure
Both fraud prevention and fraud detection are important to the bank. Signature fraud is the most common fraud in the banking business. The bank must take special care when the instrument has been submitted either to the bearer or to the order; in case the bank pays a fake instrument, it will be liable for the loss of a genuine buyer.
5. Falsification of accounts (section 477A)
Correctional measure
Proper diligence is required when filling out forms and invoices. Accounts must be re-checked on a daily basis.
6. Theft (Section 378, IPC)
Corrective measures
It is possible to warn a stolen check collection if the bank clearly indicates the age, gender and two visible marks about the actions on the travelerβs check on the back of the control sheet. This will help the payment bank to easily identify the holder of the check. Theft from lockers and safes is not easy to fix, because the master key remains with the banker, and the individual key of the locker is transmitted to the customer with proper confirmation.
7. Criminal plot (section 120 A, IPC)
In the case of Andhra Pradesh against IBS Prasad Rao and Other, the defendants who were clerks at the cooperative Central Bank were convicted of excuses in accordance with section 420 along with section 120 A. All four defendants conspired to deceive the bank by making false requests and vouchers to receive.
8. Crimes related to notes of banknotes and banknotes (section 489 A-489E, IPC)
These sections provide protection against counterfeit currency notes and banknotes. Section shipments:
(a) Counterfeit currency notes or banks.
(b) Selling, buying, or using genuine, counterfeit, or counterfeit banknotes or notes. Knowing what to forge or forge.
(c) Possession of counterfeit or counterfeit currency notes or notes that are knowledgeable or counterfeit and intend to use the same as authentic ones.
(d) The manufacture or transfer of instruments or materials to counterfeit or counterfeit banknotes or banks.
e) the preparation or use of documents resembling banknotes or banknotes.
Most of the above provisions are recognized crimes in accordance with section 2 (c) of the 1973 Criminal Procedure Code.
AREAS OF FRAUD IN VARIOUS ACCOUNTS
The following are potential areas subject to fraud in the banking sector. In addition to these areas, I also gave the types of fraud that are common in these areas.
Savings bank
The following are some examples that are reproduced in relation to savings bank accounts:
(a) checks with fake signatures of depositors may be presented and paid.
(b) Sample signatures of contributors are subject to change, especially after the death of contributors,
(c) Inactive accounts may be managed by unscrupulous individuals with or without collusion of bank employees and
(d) Unauthorized withdrawal from a clientβs account by a bank employee who holds a savings ledger and their subsequent destruction of the last vouchers.
Current Account Fraud
The following types are likely to occur in the case of current accounts.
(a) the discovery of fraud in the names of companies or limited liability companies by unauthorized persons;
b) submission and payment of checks with fake signatures;
(c) Disturbance of trust by employees of companies or firms having checklists duly signed by authorized signatures;
(d) Fraudulent change in the amount of checks and their payment either on the counter or in another bank.
Fraud in case of advances
With respect to advances, the following types may be committed:
(a) Fake gold jewelry can be pawned.
(b) Substandard goods may be pledged to the bank, or their value may be shown in excessive figures.
(c) The same goods may be pledged in favor of different banks.
LEGAL MODE OF BANK MANAGEMENT
Fraud is a White Guard crime committed by unscrupulous persons, cleverly using the loopholes that exist in the systems / procedures. The ideal situation is that there is no fraud, but based on the fragility of the environment of the nation and human nature, the institute should always keep the excess of fraud at a minimum level of occurrence.
Below are the relevant sections on bank fraud.
Indian Criminal Code (45 of 1860)
(a) Section 23 Wrongful Profit.
βIllegal profitβ is the acquisition by illegal means of property for which the person who has received the right has no legal force.
b) "Incorrect Loss"
βWrongful lossesβ is the loss of property by illegal means, in respect of which the person who lost it has a legal right.
c) illegal receipt.
Loss is illegal: it is considered that a person commits an unlawful crime, when such person retains illegally, as well as when such person illegally acquires. It is said that a person has lost illegally, when such a person is illegally withheld outside of any property, and also when such a person is illegally deprived of property.
(d) Section 24. βUnfairβ
ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ Β«Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΒ».
(e) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 28. Β«ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°Β»
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Β«ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°.
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ
1. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 408. Π£Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ.
2. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 409 ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π»Π΅Π± Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°.
3. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 416- ΠΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
4. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 419 - ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ‘Π―Π©ΠΠΠ‘Π― Π ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ
1) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 463-ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°
2) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 464 - Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°
3) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 465 - ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠ³.
4) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 467 - ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ. Π.
5) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 468 - ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°
6) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 469 - ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
7) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 470 - ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ.
8) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 471- ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°
9) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 477 - ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·, ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ. Π., ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
10) Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 477A - Π€Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
Π ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’, 1934
ΠΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 31.
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Ρ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈ, Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ , Ρ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ , ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π Π£ΠΠΠΠ’Π« ACT, 1881
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 45A.
1. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ°.
2. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆ Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 58
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅.
Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 85:
ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅.
1. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π° Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½, Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½. ΠΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ.
2. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Ρ Π°Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 87. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°
Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π±Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 138. ΠΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ. Π. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³, ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ, ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ±Π°.
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 141 (1) ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 138, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ
ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌ, Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° - ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠΠ Π« Π€ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π-ΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ―
ΠΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ:
1. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°.
2. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π².
3. ΠΠ½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎ
4. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ .
5. ΠΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅.
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
1. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
2. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π½Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
3. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅,
4. ΠΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅.
5. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅.
6. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ².
7. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΡ.
8. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅,
ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬Π‘Π’ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ¦ΠΠ
1. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 91 ΠΠΠ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ.
2. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 92 ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ , 1872 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
3. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 93 ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ² 1891 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅.
4. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ 94 ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° Π Π΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ 1939 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 58 (2) Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡ (pp).
ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ« Π ΠΠΠΠΠ
Π Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π±ΡΡ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ - ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ, Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ 65 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅.
Π£ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³Π°Ρ , Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ, ββΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ». Π ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ , ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² (EFT) ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ (ECS). ΠΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ (EDI) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ.
Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°) ΠΠΈΠ»Π», 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ» Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°), 2001 Π³., ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ; Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ; ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ.
Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β«Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ» ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ:
Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 512 - Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°;
1. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°;
2. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°;
3. ΠΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ;
4. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ°Π½Π°;
5. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅.
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.
513 (a) - ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
Π’ΠΎΡ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½: Π°) Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.
(Π±) ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (Π°) ΠΈ (Π±) Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠ«ΠΠΠ
ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ 14 Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² 1969 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π· ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ 8000 Π² 1969 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 60 000, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ 289 ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ 66 Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π Π΅Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΆΠ°Π½), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² 1983-84 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² 1989 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ² Π² Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π½ΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² 2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ 673 ΡΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ 3 072 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ 0,075% ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ 8,96,696 ΡΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ 0,15% ΠΎΡ 4,44,125 ΠΌΠ»ΡΠ΄. Π ΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π², ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. Π ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 65 800 Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· 295 ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ 30 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 3 072 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ . ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ 10,4 ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 0,47 ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π² Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ (ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ: Dr.NLMitra) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ RBI Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ:
o Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
o ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅;
o ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ , ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ;
o Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ.
o ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²; ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
o ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ.
o ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
o ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΏΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅.
Π ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Β». ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ. The most important feature of such offsets is that ordinarily they do not involve an individual direct victim. They are punishable because they harm the whole society. It is clear that money involved in Bank belongs to public. They deposit there whole life 'security in Banks and in case of Dacoity or Robbery in banks the public will be al lost. Thus it is important that sufficient efforts should be taken in this regard.
There exists a new kind of threat in cyber world. Writers are referring it as "Salami Attack" under this special software is used for transferring the amount from the account of the individual. Hence the culprits of such crimes should be found quickly and should be given strict punishment. Moreover there is requirement of more number of IT professionals who will help in finding a solution against all these security threats.

