Delhi is gorgeous. Delhi is scary! What organs of feasting, what horrors of plunder and bloodshed he survived - Nora Rowan Hamilton. Geographically, Delhi is in the form of a circle with a radius of 30 km, and it looks like a huge black and gray color on the edge of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, one of the flattest, most fertile and most densely populated regions of the world. To the east and north of Delhi are lush green fields of the plain, to the west - the desert Tar, and in the south - the river Yamuna. The Himalayan Mountains are located 300 km north of Delhi. Delhi is not an ordinary city. I
t has always been a whirlwind of significant political events and has a solid historical foundation. Due to the fact that it was the rule of some of the most influential emperors in the history of India, Delhi witnessed political upheaval for more than five centuries. Coming to the forefront with the first ruler, who identified the strategic advantages of the location, he has not looked back since. Each wall and column of collapsing monuments and ruins has its own story to tell. Each yesterday passed with a story. Delhi has a royal and majestic history that is quite vivid from the rise and fall of various rules. While the rulers came and went, the city lived through wars and resurrection, repeatedly rising from the ashes. We cannot condemn the fact that the history of India revolves around the rich history of Delhi.
No one really knows when Delhi will begin. Archaeological excavations near the city discovered ruins that are thousands of years old. Some of the ruins have been identified with the culture of the Indus Valley. This is an important discovery, since this culture was identified as one of the four centers that were the source of human civilization (the others are China, Mesopotamia and Egypt). The evidence of habituation around Delhi from the early historical to the middle ages comes mainly from archaeological excavations on the territory of the Purana. Evidence from the Maurya period (300 BC) is provided by the advent of the Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), fine pottery, marked with a glossy surface, and stamped coins. According to Y.D. Sharma "Accommodation, apparently, was about four thousand years ago on the site of Delhi or near it.
Under the Purana Kila, raised in the sixteenth century, a test trench in 1955 showed the appearance of beautiful gray pottery, usually painted with simple black drawings. Known as dyed gray clothing (PGW), this pottery is often dated c. 1000 BC Archaeological evidence has shown that the area in and around Delhi was occupied from earlier times. Indicative instruments of stone age testify to this. Stone tools belonging to the early stone age were found from the Aravalli roads in Anangpur, the Jawaharlal Nehru campus, the northern ridge and elsewhere - evidence that an early man lived here. The excavations at Mandoli and Bhorgara in the east and north-west of Delhi have respectfully thrown out the remnants of the chalcolithic period dating back to the 2nd millennium BC, 1st millennium BC. E., As well as the remains of the 4th - 5th century AD. The excavation of the ancient hill Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandavas, located at the height of the sixteenth century, Purana-Kila revealed evidence of the continuous habitat of this site for almost 2500 years.
India is a country of religions. This contributed to the emergence of many organized religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc. Religions have always influenced the daily lives of the people of India. While India is not known for its history of its writings, its writers have left a lot of religious literature, which contained epics, stories and philosophical treatises. It is safe to say that the two epics that identified the Indian Psyche, Mahabharata and Ramayana.
Mahabharata:
The history of Delhi is intertwined with the Mahabharata, called the national epic of India. This is a very passionate work, which is often compared to the Iliad, the national epic of classical Greece. The essence of Mahabharata is a great war between the opposing forces of right and wrong, representing respectively the brother of the Pandavas and the Kauravas. Compiled in 10,000 stanzas in classical Sanskrit, the epic is attributed to the sage Veda Vyasa. Mahabharata is a mixture of both Fables and sacred literature. It describes rationally impossible feats attributed to divine, semi-divine, and mortal. The Great War is described in great detail - the product of highly developed cognitive functions of the imagination.
Armed weapons describe fashionable infantry vehicles, such as chariots, advanced ballistic ammunition, including firing arrows, weapon systems like guided bombs, nuclear weapons, etc. An epic novel such as Ramayana cannot surprise reader clarity of his descriptions and the richness of its details. The Mahabharata was probably inspired by the exchange of fire between the two tribes. Exaggerated and combined with fertile images, the small story continued to capture the imagination of its readers and exert a deep and effective influence on their psyche. The war expanded with the participation of gods and divine beings. As a chapter or rather, a book in the epic is the Divine Revelation “Gita”, which is described as an ideal way of life (according to Dharma and the principles of Karma), as described by Krishna as an avatar of Lord Vishnu. The cool mixture of the sacred and the layman makes the Mahabharata a very attractive fairy tale.
Thus, popular belief ascribes the laying of Delhi grounds to the elder brother of the Pandava Yudhishtira. Delhi is mentioned in this epic as a place that was a dense jungle, inhabited by many animal species and tribal people. Its transformation began after the arrival of the main characters of the epic Pandava brothers. The “righteous” brothers burned the jungle caused by the death of all its inhabitants. There was only one person who survived this massacre — the Mayan demon, who was also an architect who was spared on the basis of his promise to build a unique city that would never be replicated anywhere in the world at any time. On the newly acquired space, the Mayans built the Pandavas their new capital Indraprastha - the abode of the king of the gods. This burning of the Kandava forest could be a symbol of the slash and burn technique used earlier to claim the land. Legends emphasize that this was the first city of Delhi. Nigambod Gath, the sacred cremation site for the Hindus, which is still in use, and the Nilichatri temple located on the banks of the Yamuna, are believed to have been built by Yudhishtira, the elder brother of the Pandavas, the main characters of the Mahabharata epic. Although the mythical, orgiastic violence, which marked the creation of its first city (albeit mythical), was to be a recurring theme in the history of Delhi.
Although it is difficult to find archaeological evidence, the strong connection between Delhi and the epic continues. As if to confirm the legend, there really was a village located near the Purana district of Kula, called Indrapat. According to the outstanding archaeologist Y.D. Charms "It is noteworthy that" Painted Gray Guess "is found in several places related to the history of the great epic Mahabharata, and one of these places, Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandavas, is traditionally identified with Delhi. It is noteworthy that a village named Indarpat, which obviously was derived from the word Indraprastha, lay in Purana-Kiel itself until the beginning of this century, when it was cleared along with other villages to make room for the capital New Delhi. ”
Like its origin, the etymology of Delhi is also shrouded in mists of time. Not many ancient travelers mentioned Delhi with Ptolemy being the exception. He mentions in his writings a place called “daidala”, close to Indraprastha, which is identified with Delhi. According to other legends, after the declension of Indraprastha, a king named Dillu or Dela, who ruled the strategic region of Kannauj, founded the city of Dilli around 57 BC. According to this legend, Delhi (called Dilly in Hindi) got its name after King Delo / Dillu. It is also known that the coins in circulation in the region under the Rajputs were called delhiwal, offering a reference to Dilly. There is also a theory that the name of the land is probably derived from Dilly, corruption of dehlez or hindi for the threshold? and symbolizes the city as the gateway to the Indo-Gangetic plains. There is no supporting evidence for these diverse theories.
Delhi’s political history begins with the arrival of Tomar Rajput. The Tomara were most likely the feudal lords of the powerful North Indian Emperor Harshavardana. Perhaps after his death, Tomars was brave enough to strike them out on his own. They originally settled around the Surai Kund district near Delhi. Archaeological evidence has demonstrated the existence of a multitude of tasks, tanks and fortifications in and around the area, which indicates the existence of a thriving social life. In the middle of the region falls the village of Anangpur, which connects it with the founder Delhi Anangpal, who allegedly lived around the 8th century.
The Rajputs built two official urban areas where the population was concentrated - Suray Kund and Mehrauli districts. In the area of Surai-Kund there are many architectural monuments. The protesters are the Suray Kund Dam (dated 8th century) and the Tank of the same name (dated approximately 10th century). King Anangpal may have created ideal conditions that contributed to the growth of the population in and around Sureydzh-Kund. It probably also acquired wealth and prosperity in the area, which led to the threat of invasion. Tomara, who felt the need to strengthen their growing acquisitions in order to organize urban life, as well as protection from marauding invaders. Thus, they built the first city of Delhi named Lalcott.
The expansion of Delhi near Tomara attracted the attention of the Chauhan clan, who were powerful rulers who concentrated their dominance in the region between Sambhar and Ajmer in Rajasthan, Northern India. The ruler of Chauhan, Vigraharaj, defeated Tomarss and went to Delhi for his brother Prithvirah Chauhan. Pritvirazh was known for his military prowess. He is also known for the abduction and marriage of his daughter Jayaraj Sayukty. His exploits were recorded in the rhetorical work of his courtly Chanda Bardai called Prithviraj Raso. He also expanded the fortress of Lalkot, including new areas. His extension of Lalkot was known as Kila Paradise Pitora.
Fights of Tharinan:
India was known in the medieval world as an extremely rich country. In the political fragmentation and parallels between the numerous rulers of India's central weakness was the lack of central leadership or a sense of political unity. This template was an open invitation to initiate invaders. Many invaders did not accept this invitation - they came, destroyed everything in their path and plundered his wealth to the depths of the soul. The source of most of the plundered wealth were Hindu temples, since they were repositories of wealth. Most of these aggressors chose to return home and enjoy the newfound wealth. Those who exclusively chose to remain historically lost their special identity and became one of the inhabitants.
It was the ascension of Mohammad Goree in Afghanistan, which became the game changer for the Indian rulers and his prisoners. Mohammad Gorey was not a particularly bright military general and faced several significant military defeats that deprived him of licking his wounds. An ambitious man, seeking to expand his kingdom, drew attention to India. He had already heard about the terrible wealth of India, and his main inspiration was Mohammad Ghazni, who repeatedly raided India and returned with huge booty. Mohammad Ghazni is specifically known for his attacks on the Somanath temple in Gujarat.
The attacks of Gori in India resisted, but not enough to keep him from seizing material territories. His territorial conquests and ambitions took him to the borders of one of the most powerful kingdoms of Delhi, which was ruled by the sign Pritvirage Chauhan. Despite Prithviraj’s terrible reputation, the pipes exploded and the armies met in Tarain, located near Delhi in 1191. In the face of Rajput coal led by Prithvirai, Gori was completely defeated. He barely survived with the help of a water carrier. Humiliated, he longed for revenge. The following year, he returned to the battlefield. In 1192, Gori was able to redeem his early defeat, and the army of the Hindu Rajput was decisively defeated. Although there are different versions of the fate of Prithviraj, it can be assumed that he was killed on the battlefield to demoralize his soldiers, as well as other rulers who could potentially resist.
The defeat and murder of Prithvirah Chauhan was a turning point in the history of Delhi. Unlike previous invaders, Mohammad Gorey wanted to stay and strengthen his conquests. He appointed his deputy, Kutub-ud-din Aibak in his territory as the employer of India. Qutub-ud-din met his king’s expectations and continued to defeat other rulers in northern India in order to expand his territory. In the name of fate, Mohammad Gorey was killed, and Aibak declared himself the Sultan of India. He chose Delhi as his administrative capital. Except when capital was transferred for strategic reasons, Delhi has always been the capital of India and continues to be the core around which political power revolves in India.
Although it is already a regionally important urban center, Delhi became the capital after Muhammad from Gore was adopted in 1192 after the victory over Prithvirah Chauhan. There were various reasons why Turkish Turks created Delhi as their capital. (1) Their initial energy base was in Afghanistan, and Punjab and Delhi were close to both sites. (2) Delhi is strategically located on the Yamuna River, providing an easy mode of transport, as well as a guarantee of agricultural well-being (3) at the crossroads between the mountains and the desert. Most of the domestic traffic between Central Asia and the Indian peninsula passed through this area (4) Delhi became a powerful symbol of Hindu power (5). It was a fortified city offering protection to its new inhabitants (6). It could be used as a safe base for the further acquisition of territory in India.
According to John Finnemore - age by age, the invader after the invader invaded the land through the Khyber Pass, this solitary break on a huge mountain shaft, the only way India can enter. All descended from the hills and with admiration entered the rich plains of Punjab. Then, typing them, they heard wonderful stories about a more just and prosperous land to the southeast, a country of magnificent cities kept in richness, wide plains, traveling with lush cultures, a land of corn, wine and oil. So they pushed on and on. On the right, they found that a huge desert spreads. To their left rose a huge mountain wall of the Himalayas. But right in front of them there is an easy road ... Not only the plain plains of old Delhi offered an easy way, but also provided enough food. Therefore, from the earliest days, each invader had to capture Delhi and carry out Delhi. To capture him so that he can go forward, hold him, he must find his way on the way back. For this, he had to be the most powerful man of his time. Therefore, the one who held Delhi, held India.
Delhi, who turned a new leaf into his story from the day he was captured by Kutub-ud-din-Aibak. Aibak, being an experienced general, focused on consolidating his rule. As a strategy, he focused on clearing all the administrative symbols of the Chauhan (Hindu) rules, including the destruction of religious buildings, such as Hindu and Jain temples, that had spread during the Rajput reign. Buildings or monuments have always been one of the main tools of imperialism.
Thus, while he destroyed these temples, he rebuilt them in the baseboard of the largest Vishnu temple in the area to create the earliest mosque in northern India - the “Kulvat ul-Islam Mosque”. For more on Islamic architecture influence in Delhi, please read the Qutub Minar-Tower of Power. The invaders also strengthened the fortifications of Lalkot and created a palace for their leader to live. The remains of a building called Hushk-Safed or the White Palace were discovered during archaeological research. Aibak just started with the madness of the building. The architectural division that began with them was continued by the rulers who followed him. Захватчики фактически захватили политическое царствование с момента их прибытия, а влияние ислама ощущалось в течение следующих шести с половиной до 1857 года.
По иронии судьбы, Дели был переориентирован и переименован в новые владельцы - исламские оккупанты. Они сделали Дели самой привлекательной исламской столицей, привлекающей некоторых видных путешественников, солдат и интеллектуалов со всего исламского мира. Город стал местом исламских политических устремлений. Это стало самым посещаемым городом для того, чтобы стать мусульманином. Его великие памятники и безграничное богатство стали разговором об исламском мире.
Династии, правившие в Дели:
Дели продолжал наблюдать частую смену охраны, насколько это касается династий. В то время как династии изменились, их фундаментальный характер оставался неизменным - мусульманином. Список династий, которые управляют Дели, таков:
1. Раджпут (Томарс и Чауханс) 736-1192 гг.
(Консолидация тюрко-афганского правления) 1192-1206 гг.
2. Династия Мамлюка 1206-1290 гг. AD
3. Династия Хилджи 1290-1320 гг. AD
4. Династия Туглак 1320-1413 гг. AD
5. Династия Сайяд 1414-1451 гг. AD
6. Династия Лоди 1451-1526 гг. AD
7. Династия Великих Моголов 1526-1857 гг. AD
8. Английский 1857-1947 гг.
Дели как центр власти также видел здание многих городов. Каждый правитель хотел отдать свои полномочия членам правящего класса, а также заключенным. Они пытались подавить и одолеть правило, чтобы обеспечить определенный уровень безопасности для своего правления (например, более современная тактика «шока и страха»). Хотя летописцы насчитывали более семнадцати таких городов, мы можем четко идентифицировать останки девяти.
Города Дели:
1. Лаккот - назначается королю Анангпалу
2. Цила-Рай-Питора-Притвирадж Чаухан
3. Сири-Ала-уд-дин Хильджи
4. Туглакабад-Гийас-уд-дин Туглак
5. Jahanpanah-Mohammad bin Tughlaq
6. Фероз Шах-Котла-Фероз Шах-Туглак
7. Динпана / Шер Гар-Хумаюн и Шер Шах
8. Шахджаханабад-Шахджахан
9. Нью-Дели-британский
Города Дели сами были жертвами каннибализации. Всякий раз, когда правитель хотел построить новый город, он уничтожал бы существующую и повторно использовал бы свои материалы, чтобы построить свой город мечты. Среди многих городов, которые были построены в Дели, сегодня существуют два видных: Шахджаханабад и Нью-Дели представляют собой контрастные периоды времени. Оба они также включают богатые остатки ранних городов.
Таким образом, Дели - это не только один город, но и объединение многих. Повторяю, его история восходит к более чем 1000 годам. По сравнению с Дели, другими крупными городами Индии, включая Мумбаи (ранее известный как Бомбей), Ченнай (ранее известный как Мадрас), Хайдарабад, Бенгалуру (ранее известный как Бангалор), Калькутта (прежнее название - Калькутта), имеют достоверно последние истории, что касается политической значимости. Bloodbath:
Многие захватчики приземлились в Дели, и они сделали свой бит, чтобы пролить кровь своих обитателей. Многие такие погромы были подробно описаны мусульманскими летописцами. Во время нападения Тимура и Надира Шаха в Дели стали свидетелями широкомасштабных убийств, которые в современных стандартах можно рассматривать как геноциды. Такие убийства снова повторялись кровожадными злодеями, такими как Ахмад Шах Абдали, Рохиллы и т. Д.
Во время первого организованного восстания в 1857 году против англичан все действия переместились в Дели, учитывая его ассоциации с властью, а также присутствие номинального правителя Моголов Бахадур Шаха Зафара. Как только повстанцы достигли Дели, они сделали его номинальным лидером движения. Из-за эндогенных причин восстание неизбежно потерпело неудачу. Дели видел жестокие битвы между мятежниками и англичанами. Пост-бунт, англичане отомстили участникам и любым подозреваемым сочувствующим. Месть была кровавой и унизительной. Их действия позорят любое диктаторское правило.
Заключенные Индийского субконтинента демонстрировали «мазохистские тенденции», когда они выходили за пределы своей независимости от англичан, в 1947 году нация была разделена на Индию и Пакистан. Люди перемещались между этими двумя странами в основном на основе их религии. Они убивали, грабили и насиловали друг друга женщинами. Излишне говорить, что раздел был направлен на смерть многих людей, а также на потерю миллионов долларов. Многие люди также пропали без вести, и это насилие оставило глубокий шрам в психике как наций - Индии и Пакистана. Его влияние продолжается и сегодня.
ВЫВОД:
Современная Индия должна была решить свои собственные проблемы после своей независимости в 1947 году. Одним из событий, которые имели далеко идущие события, было разделение страны (как указано выше). Это событие оказало уникальное влияние на Дели. Это полностью изменило демографическую структуру Дели, когда в нее вливались потоки иммигрантов. По оценкам, население Дели в десятилетии 1941-1951 годов увеличилось на 90,0%. В разных частях города были созданы огромные колонии реабилитации. Большинство из этих иммигрантов были пенджабскими предпринимателями, которые купили свой узел для предприятий в Дели. Как только политическая пыль оседала, и экономические условия начали улучшаться, эти новые пришельцы стали пионерами в открытии новых границ, в тогдашних далеких местах Дели, которые сегодня известны как исключительная обитель богатых. Чтобы контролировать и планировать, что было тогда тогда бурное будущее, парламент принял Делийский закон о развитии и проложил путь к созданию Делийского управления развития (ДДА) в 1957 году. Площадь Дели, которая была 43,25 кв. Км в 1901 году вырос до 624 кв. Км в 1991 году.
Современный Дели представляет собой смесь средневековья и современности. Его старые ценности борются с современными силами перемен. Его социально-культурная жизнь состоит из многих слоев, и они из разных часовых поясов и пересекаются, взаимодействуют и ассимилируются в континуум необъяснимой сложности. Не многие столичные города могут претендовать на исторические следы этого города. Дели - поистине исторический город с более чем 10 отличными династиями, управляющими им в разное время. Его горизонт был трансформирован много раз. Одним из величайших изменений в игре была архитектура. Непрерывные века многие монументальные архитектуры все еще существуют в Дели на разных этапах сохранения. Они включают мечети, форты, дворцы удовольствия, гробницы, колодцы, плотины и т. Д. Они соревнуются с современными стеклянными и стальными зданиями для внимания. Они никогда не перестают напоминать посетителю его историческое значение.
Руины и валы по-прежнему высоко стоят в достоинстве - и среди них растут современные здания и гигантские небоскребы. Это захватывающий синтез вчера и завтра, удержание прошлого и приближение к будущему. Сегодня руины этих вышеупомянутых древних и средневековых королевских цитаделей вместе с Шахджаханабадом и Лютиенсом Дели, являются частью Дели двадцать первого века. В целом, город Дели развился благодаря непрерывной метаморфозе с древних времен и имел честь быть столицей и эпицентром политики и интриг со времен Султаната. История Дели усеяна созданием нескольких архитектурных шедевров и многих остатков и руин, которые теперь являются неотъемлемой частью наследия этого великого мегаполиса. Его традиционная историческая и культурная идентичность сражается, чтобы выжить против широких возможностей современности.
Сегодня Дели - это смесь старых и новых. Нью-Дели, столица Индии, простирающаяся над западным берегом реки Ямуна, является одним из самых быстрорастущих городов Индии. Это третий по величине город в Индии и теперь самый привилегированный город с точки зрения инвестиций, индустриализации, информационных технологий, здравоохранения, недвижимости и т. Д. Для современного посетителя в Дели, есть достаточно и больше, чтобы увлечь его чувства. Возможно, это не было бы преувеличением, если бы смело заявить: нет такого города, как Дели. Но слово осторожности - понять это, наслаждаться этим.
Application:
Несколько известных памятников в Дели:
(1) Комплекс Кутуб Минар:
(a) Кутуб Минар, мечеть Кулват-уль-Ислам
(б) Гробница Илтутмиш
(c) Могила Алауддина Хильджи
d) Алай Дарваза
(2) Сири Форт
3 Могила Султана Гари
(4) Комплекс форта Туглавабад:
(a) Ворота
(b) Дворец
c) подземные туннели
(d) Танк
e) Адилабад
(f) Могила Гьяссамддина
(5) JahanPanah
(a) Биджай Мандал
(б) Мечеть Бегумпур
(c) Мечеть Калу Сарай
d) Лал Гумбад
(e) Мечеть Хирки
6 Мечеть Чираг Дели
7 Хауз Хас
8 Фирос Шах-Котла
(Мечеть
b Столб Asoka
c) Баоли
9 Moth Ki Masjid
10 Мохаммад Вали Масджид
11 Бада Гумбад
12 Bade Khan ka Gumbad
(13) Могила Мубарака Шаха
(14) Могила Сикандера Лоди
15 Sheesh Gumbad
16 Могила Сафдарджунга
(17) Пурана Кила:
а) Quila-i-Kohna Masjid
(б) Шлюзы
c) Шер Мандал
18 Хайрул Маназиль Масджид
19 Могильный комплекс Хумаюн
(a) Могила Хумаюна
(б) Могила Агхаха Хана
(с) Могила Иса Хана и мечеть
(d) Сад Бу Галимы
(e) Афарвальская гробница и мечеть
f) Арабский сераи
20 Гробница Хан-и-Ханана
21 Низамуддинский комплекс
(a) Могила Низамуддина
b) Чаусат Хамба
(c) Могила Амира Хусра
d) Баоли
(e) Могила Джаханы
(22) Шахджаханабад
(a) Комплекс «Красный форт»
b) Джама Масджид
(c) Fatehpuri Masjid
d) Джами Масджид
(23) Дели-Гейт
(24) Лактовые стены
25 Кила-Рай-Питора
Могила Адама Хана
27 Гробница Бальбана
28 Раджон-ки-Баоли
(29) Джахаз Махал
(30) Мечеть и могила Джамали Камали
