
Real Estate Planning: Planning for death to get assets at will, whenever you want, as you wish, with a minimum of taxes and legal fees.
The law of a high school student: planning a disability to get people with whom you want to manage your business and to protect your assets from exhaustion for long-term care.
Introduction to real estate planning and the elderly law
The practice of real estate planning and the oldest law is one of the most enjoyable and professionally useful professions that a lawyer can choose. Imagine a practice where your customers respect your knowledge and treat you graciously. They pay your dues on time and tell your friends how much they enjoy working with you and your company. At the same time, you rarely face deadline pressure, and even more so with a controversial lawyer on the other side of the matter who is trying to help you. In most cases, you are acting as a legal adviser (trusted advisor), not a lawyer (professional representative).
We spend our days with clients discussing their lives and their families and reviewing their fears and problems. Thanks to our knowledge, training, experience and imagination, we develop solutions, occasionally elegant, for the old problem of transferring assets from generation to generation as quickly and painlessly as possible. At the same time, we also strive to protect these assets from being depleted by taxes, legal fees and home care costs, to the extent permitted by law.
The end result of this process is a client who feels safe and confident that they have every reason for death or disability. Having achieved peace of mind that their future is well planned and in good hands, they can continue to live their lives. For a lawyer, a happy and satisfied client has been added to this practice, and other potentially lifelong and mutually beneficial relationships have begun. Let's look at the strategies and methods we use to achieve this enviable state of affairs.
Key challenges facing senior customers today
One way to help clients is to develop a comprehensive plan so that they can avoid litigation after death or in the event of a disability. Trusts are used instead of will for the elderly, because they do not require a trial to settle property. Trusts also avoid foreign litigation necessary for property owned by another state, known as ancillary testament. This saves family time on the settlement of real estate, as well as on the high cost of litigation. In addition, since revoked live trusts, unlike wills, take effect during the lifetime of the grantor, the client can indicate which persons will take responsibility in the event of their disability. Planning ahead helps maintain control in the family or with trusted advisors and avoids a situation that may not be in the interests of the client. For example, in the case of a disability when a plan has not been established, an application to the court may be required to appoint a legal guardian for the disabled person. This may not be the person the customer would choose. In such a case, assets cannot be transferred to protect them from spending money on nursing expenses without court permission, which may or may not be provided.
Another area in which we help the client is to save property taxes, both state and federal, for couples, using the two trust method. Assets are distributed on a uniform basis between each spouse. While the surviving spouse uses and enjoys the trust of the forbidden spouse, the assets of this trust trust the property of the surviving spouse and are sent directly to the indicated beneficiaries when the second spouse dies. Depending on the size of the property, tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars or more can be saved from potential property taxes. In addition, revocable live trust allows you to avoid two wills that borrowers could use to make wills, since the property of the married couple must be allowed after the death of each spouse in order to save property taxes. We also help protect assets from exhaustion due to the cost of home care. Irrevocable Medicaid trust funds can be set up with a five-year waiting period to protect the clientβs home and other assets from being shipped because of the high cost of home care. We use Medicaid rules and transfer rules to protect assets in case a customer requires home care, but has not done prior planning. Through the use of Medicaid annuities, long-term bills and housing and care agreements, significant assets can be protected from a five-year reverse lookup, even if the client can be on the doorstep of a nursing home.
Five steps to estate planning for seniors
1. Understanding family dynamics
The first step in the elderly right trusts and owns the property to get an idea of ββthe dynamics of the client's family. If there are children who usually have a place, we need to determine whether they are married or not. Is this the first or second marriage? Do they have children from a previous marriage or their spouses? What kind of work do they do and where do they live? Do they get along with each other and with parental clients? We strive to determine which family members disagree with what others are and what the reasons may be. It helps us a lot to decide who should make medical decisions and who should deal with legal and financial issues. Should he be one of them or more than one? How should the property be divided? Is the client himself a second marriage? What kind of children, if any, are he, her or them? Sometimes all three instances can be found in the same pair. This will require further research on the functioning of the family, as the likelihood of hurt feelings, conflicts of interest and misunderstanding increases. In addition, great care should be taken to develop a property management, control and distribution plan that is not only fair for children from a previous marriage, but will also be considered fair. From time to time, the assistance of a professional advisor as a guardian can be invaluable in helping to preserve peace among family members. Finally, this step will also be distributed where there are dependents with special needs, and which family members and assets are best suited for providing these children.
2. Consideration of existing real estate planning documents
The second step in relation to senior law is to check any preliminary real estate planning documents that the client may have, such as will, trust, power of attorney, power of attorney and will life, to determine if they are legally sufficient and reflect the current wishes of the client or Are they outdated? Currently, some basic issues of planning the legal status of real estate are also being considered, such as:
a. Is the customer a US citizen? This will affect the client's ability to save property taxes.
b. Does the client expect to receive the inheritance? This knowledge helps in drawing up a plan that will concern not only the assets that the client has, but also what they may have in the future.
from. Does the client have long-term insurance? If so, the senior lawyer will want to review the policy and determine whether it provides adequate benefits, taking into account other assets and incomes of the client, if it takes into account inflation and can be updated. This will allow the practitioner to decide whether other asset protection strategies are needed now or later.
e. Does the client need financial planning? Many clients who come to the office of a lawyer of a senior lawyer have never received professional financial advice or are not satisfied with their current consultants. They may need help understanding their assets, or organizing and consolidating them, to simplify administration. They may also be concerned that they will not have enough income to hold out for the rest of their lives. A senior lawyer typically knows a number of capable financial planners who have the needs and wishes of a senior client, including (1) safe investments with principal protection and (2) assets that tend to maximize revenue.
3. View Client Assets
The third step is to get a complete list of client assets, including how they are called, their value, whether they are qualified investments, such as an IRA and 401 (k) and, if they have profitable projects, who are these beneficiaries. Armed with this information, the consultant can determine whether the estate will be subject to property taxes, both state and federal, and can begin to formulate a strategy to reduce or eliminate these taxes to the extent permitted by law. This often leads to the displacement of assets between spouses and their trust, changes in profitable projects and, with discretion, trying to determine which spouse can first leave in order to ensure the maximum possible tax savings. Ideally, the lawyer should provide the client with filling out a confidential financial questionnaire before the initial consultation.
4. Development of a real estate plan
The fourth step is to determine, with the help of the client, who must make medical decisions for the client, if they cannot and who should be appointed to solve legal and financial issues, with the help of a power of attorney in the case of the client; s disability. Then we consider what type of trust, if any, should be used, whether it is simple enough, who should be a trustee (for trust) or executors (for a will), and what should be the distribution plan. In order to avoid conflict, the proxies chosen instead of the grantor must be the same persons indicated in the power of attorney. At this stage, great care should also be taken not to hurt the feelings of the heirs. Good estate planning looks at the clientβs inheritance from the heirs. point of view, as well as the client. For example, if there are three children, it may be preferable to be called proxies or performers, since three are usually too cumbersome, and if the client chooses only two, they leave one. If there are four or five children, we prefer to choose two trustees or performers. Thus, the pressure will be reduced only on the one who must respond to everyone else. More importantly, others will feel much more confident that the two brothers and sisters are caring for their interests together.
If the distribution is to be unequal, it may be necessary to discuss it with the affected children ahead of time to prevent any adverse or even judicial severity after the death of the parents. Considering the relative age of children, where they live, and their relationship with each other and with their parents, the adviser will usually find a way to develop a plan that takes into account the needs and desires of all interested parties. Some of the methods that we consider useful in this context are to propose a delayed distribution, for example, twenty percent of the death of the grantor, half the remaining balance in five years and a reminder in ten years. The same percentages can also be used at specified ages, such as thirty, thirty-five and forty. In addition, when leaving a percentage of real estate, if it is just for children in equal shares, it is often useful to determine the cash value of these percent in the current state of the client. This will allow the client to see if this is really the amount they want to bequeath. Receiving interest from charitable organizations should be avoided so that the family cannot avoid participating in charitable activities for property management expenses.
Regarding the type of trust, we usually consider several options for most customers. It is important to determine whether there should be one trust or two. To avoid or reduce real estate taxes, there must be two trusts for spouses whose estates have exceeded or may exceed the state and / or federal property tax threshold at a later date. Should trust be revocable or irrevocable? The latter is important to protect assets from patient care costs in accordance with a five-year payback period. The primary functions of Medicaidβs irrevocable trust are that the trustee can either be the grantor or the spouse of the grantor and that these trusts are the trustees. Most people choose one or more of their adult children to act as trustees of irrevocable trust. Since the principal is unavailable to the grantor, the client will not want to invest all his assets in such trust. The assets to be excluded are the IRA, 401 (k), 403 (b) s, etc. The principle of these qualified assets is usually exempt from Medicaid and should not be placed in trust because this would create a taxable measure, requiring the payment of tax on all IRAs. If an institutional client has a community spouse, then up to one hundred thousand dollars can also be released. Although the house is vacated, if the community spouse lives there, it is usually better to protect the house earlier than to wait until the first spouse passes, due to the five-year reverse period. It should be noted that feedback means that temporary assets are transferred to irrevocable trust; it takes five years before they are released or protected from the need to be sent to help the patient before they are eligible for Medicaid benefits. What if the client does not make five years? Imagine a client entering a nursing home four years after establishing trust. In such a case, if the individual pays the nurse for the rest of the year, the family will be eligible for Medicaid after the past year of the five-year sentence expires.
Although trust in Medicaid is called irrevocable, the house can still be sold or sold to other trading assets. The trust itself through the actions of the trustees can sell the house and buy a condominium in the name of trust, so that the object is still protected. A trust can sell one stock and buy another. For those customers who may wish to continue to trade independently, the trust of adult children can sign a third-party authorization at a brokerage firm that allows parents to continue to trade on the account. The trust continues to pay all the income (i.e. Interest and dividends) to the parent grantor. Thus, irrevocable trust payments should not affect the clientβs image when it is added to any pensions, social security and IRA distributions that the client continues to receive from outside the limits of trust. It should also be noted that, although a separate tax return is not required for revoked trust, irrevocable trust requires an βinformation returnβ, which advises the IRS that income βpassesβ for the grantors and will be informed about their individual return,
If there is a disabled child, the issue of creating additional confidence in the needs that will be paid beyond what the child can receive in government benefits, especially social security and Medicaid incomes, will be considered so that inheritance does not disqualify them from these benefits.
Finally, with an increase in the size of the estate, when middle-class families leave material testaments to their children (depending, of course, on how many children they have), the tendency is to establish children's trust in the preservation of inheritance in the pedigree. Often referred to as power of attorney for inheritance, trust funds of trust or trust trusts, these trusts may contain additional functions, such as protecting inheritance from a child's divorce, lawsuits, creditors and property taxes when they die. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΆ, Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡ Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΒ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Π° Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ, ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ°.
5. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Medicaid
Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Medicaid. ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅, Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Medicaid Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡ
Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Medicaid ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°.
Π ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ , Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Medicaid, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ, Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Ρ. Π Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Medicaid ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Medicaid ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π°.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ , Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ
1. ΠΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ, Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π³Π°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ° Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΠ Π Π½Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΠ Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅, Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄ΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ-ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π²Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°) ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Π°, Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³Ρ, Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ - Π²Π½ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ.
2. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ (ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄.) Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡ, Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Ρ Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. Π‘ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
Conclusion
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» Π½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Β«Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠΎΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΠΏΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° - ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ SW. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ, ΠΊΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Ρ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ.

